{"id":5998,"date":"2026-03-06T01:37:35","date_gmt":"2026-03-06T09:37:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tfngj.com\/?p=5998"},"modified":"2026-03-06T01:37:37","modified_gmt":"2026-03-06T09:37:37","slug":"analysis-of-antenna-classification-from-omnidirectional-to-microwave-antennas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tfngj.com\/fr\/analysis-of-antenna-classification-from-omnidirectional-to-microwave-antennas\/","title":{"rendered":"Analyse de la classification des antennes : Des antennes omnidirectionnelles aux antennes hyperfr\u00e9quences"},"content":{"rendered":"

En tant qu'ing\u00e9nieur en communications qui passe d'innombrables jours sur le terrain \u00e0 tenir un analyseur de spectre, mes sentiments \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard du mot \u201cantenne\u201d sont assez complexes. Elle nous sert de capteur tactile pour percevoir le monde sans fil, mais elle est souvent la variable la plus g\u00eanante dans la recherche d'interf\u00e9rences. Le choix correct de l'antenne d\u00e9termine directement si vous travaillez efficacement ou si vous gaspillez une \u00e9nergie pr\u00e9cieuse. Cet article examine syst\u00e9matiquement la classification des antennes du point de vue de l'application technique et, en utilisant les analyseurs de spectre RF de la s\u00e9rie TFN RMT et les analyseurs de spectre RF de la s\u00e9rie TFN RMT, il d\u00e9crit la classification des antennes. l'ensemble d'antennes directionnelles TM9265<\/a>\u00a0dans des sc\u00e9narios pratiques, examine les diff\u00e9rences fondamentales entre les antennes omnidirectionnelles et directionnelles dans les tests de spectre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"l'antenne<\/figure>\n\n\n

\nI. Logique de base de la classification des antennes<\/strong><\/strong>\n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sur la base des caract\u00e9ristiques de rayonnement, les antennes sont principalement divis\u00e9es en deux cat\u00e9gories : les antennes omnidirectionnelles et les antennes directionnelles. Les antennes omnidirectionnelles rayonnent uniform\u00e9ment sur 360\u00b0 dans le plan horizontal, ce qui convient aux \u00e9tudes de signaux et aux mesures de couverture de champ ; les antennes directionnelles concentrent l'\u00e9nergie dans une direction sp\u00e9cifique, offrant un gain et un rapport avant-arri\u00e8re plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s, ce qui les rend id\u00e9ales pour la localisation des sources d'interf\u00e9rence et l'analyse des signaux des stations de base [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les antennes peuvent \u00eatre class\u00e9es par bande de fr\u00e9quence en antennes \u00e0 tr\u00e8s basse fr\u00e9quence (VLF), antennes \u00e0 haute fr\u00e9quence (HF), antennes \u00e0 ultra-haute fr\u00e9quence (UHF) et antennes \u00e0 micro-ondes. Cet article se concentre sur la bande 30 MHz-8 GHz couramment utilis\u00e9e dans les analyseurs de spectre portatifs, ainsi que sur la bande des micro-ondes 6 GHz-26,5 GHz.<\/p>\n\n\n

\nII. Antennes omnidirectionnelles : La \u201cnorme\u201d pour l'analyse du spectre<\/strong><\/strong>\n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pour le contr\u00f4le de routine du spectre, l'antenne omnidirectionnelle est notre premier choix. Si l'on prend l'exemple de l'analyseur de spectre portable de la s\u00e9rie TFN RMT, l'antenne omnidirectionnelle standard couvre g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement les fr\u00e9quences de 9 kHz \u00e0 6,3 GHz ou plus. Elle est principalement utilis\u00e9e pour des fonctions fondamentales telles que le balayage du spectre, la mesure de l'intensit\u00e9 du champ et l'analyse de la largeur de bande occup\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'avantage d'une antenne omnidirectionnelle r\u00e9side dans sa caract\u00e9ristique \u201csans angle mort\u201d. Lorsque nous p\u00e9n\u00e9trons dans un environnement inconnu, nous devons d'abord utiliser une antenne omnidirectionnelle pour effectuer un balayage rapide de l'ensemble de la bande de fr\u00e9quences afin de comprendre le bruit de fond et la distribution du signal. Dans ce sc\u00e9nario, nous n'avons pas besoin de savoir d'o\u00f9 vient le signal, mais seulement \u201cce qui\u201d est pr\u00e9sent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Param\u00e8tres cl\u00e9s : <\/strong>Les antennes omnidirectionnelles ont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un faible gain, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement compris entre 0dBi et 3dBi, avec un rapport tension-onde stationnaire (VSWR) inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 2,0 pour garantir des caract\u00e9ristiques d'adaptation \u00e0 large bande.<\/p>\n\n\n

\nIII. Antennes directionnelles : Le \u201cfusil de sniper\u201d pour la chasse aux interf\u00e9rences<\/strong><\/strong>\n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Lorsque nous devons nous poser la question suivante, \u201cd'o\u00f9 vient le signal ?\u201d, l'antenne directionnelle prend le devant de la sc\u00e8ne. L'ensemble d'antennes directionnelles portables TFN TM9265 couvre les fr\u00e9quences de 9 kHz \u00e0 26,5 GHz et comprend plusieurs antennes directionnelles telles que F200, F250, F580, FG626, ainsi que la poign\u00e9e amplificatrice W3. C'est un outil essentiel pour la localisation des interf\u00e9rences et l'analyse des stations de base.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n3.1 Application des antennes directionnelles \u00e0 la localisation des signaux de brouillage<\/strong><\/strong>\n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dans la chasse aux interf\u00e9rences, nous utilisons souvent la \u201cm\u00e9thode d'approximation\u201d : tenir l'antenne directionnelle, tourner progressivement pour trouver la direction du niveau de signal maximum, et enfin localiser avec pr\u00e9cision la source d'interf\u00e9rence. La s\u00e9rie TM9265 utilise un syst\u00e8me de radiogoniom\u00e9trie par comparaison d'amplitude \u00e0 rapport tonalit\u00e9\/bruit \u00e9lev\u00e9. Associ\u00e9 \u00e0 un compas \u00e9lectronique, il fournit des informations en temps r\u00e9el sur la direction d'arriv\u00e9e, ce qui am\u00e9liore consid\u00e9rablement l'efficacit\u00e9 de la chasse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En prenant le F580 (500MHz~8GHz) comme exemple, son gain typique peut atteindre 6dBi, avec un rapport avant-arri\u00e8re sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 10dB. Cela permet de supprimer efficacement les signaux d'interf\u00e9rence provenant de l'arri\u00e8re, garantissant ainsi une \u00e9valuation pr\u00e9cise de la direction [2].<\/p>\n\n\n

\n3.2 Analyse de l'application des antennes directionnelles dans les stations de base<\/strong><\/strong>\n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pendant les tests des stations de base 5G NR, la s\u00e9rie TFN RMT, combin\u00e9e \u00e0 une antenne directionnelle, permet de verrouiller l'identification des faisceaux cellulaires sp\u00e9cifiques, de suivre le PCI et de mesurer des indicateurs tels que le SS-RSRP. \u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que la 5G utilise la technologie de formation de faisceaux Massive MIMO, les signaux pr\u00e9sentent une forte directivit\u00e9. L'utilisation d'une antenne omnidirectionnelle rend difficile la capture pr\u00e9cise des caract\u00e9ristiques du signal de la cellule cible ; il est essentiel de s'appuyer sur une antenne directionnelle pour les mesures \u201cpoint \u00e0 point\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par exemple, dans les tests FDD-LTE, une antenne directionnelle permet de distinguer les signaux du lobe principal de ceux du lobe lat\u00e9ral, \u00e9vitant ainsi la distorsion des mesures de d\u00e9modulation caus\u00e9e par les interf\u00e9rences dues aux trajets multiples. La s\u00e9rie RMT prend en charge une largeur de bande d'analyse en temps r\u00e9el allant jusqu'\u00e0 100 MHz. Associ\u00e9e \u00e0 une antenne directionnelle, elle permet d'effectuer des tests de recherche d'interf\u00e9rences de s\u00e9paration en liaison montante et descendante pour les syst\u00e8mes TDD.<\/p>\n\n\n

\nIV. Antennes hyperfr\u00e9quences : Les \u201cforces sp\u00e9ciales\u201d pour les essais \u00e0 haute fr\u00e9quence<\/strong><\/strong>\n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La conception d'antennes est de plus en plus difficile \u00e0 mesure que la fr\u00e9quence d\u00e9passe 6 GHz, en particulier dans la bande des micro-ondes (6GHz~26,5GHz). L'antenne conique FG626 de l'ensemble TM9265 couvre la bande 6GHz~26,5GHz, avec un gain \u00e9lev\u00e9 de 12dBi~20dBi. Elle convient aux communications par satellite, aux tests de liaisons micro-ondes et \u00e0 l'analyse des interf\u00e9rences des ondes millim\u00e9triques 5G.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les antennes hyperfr\u00e9quences poss\u00e8dent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement une directivit\u00e9 plus forte et un gain plus \u00e9lev\u00e9, mais cela signifie \u00e9galement une largeur de faisceau plus \u00e9troite, ce qui exige une pr\u00e9cision d'alignement extr\u00eamement \u00e9lev\u00e9e. Lors des essais pratiques, nous utilisons souvent des tr\u00e9pieds et proc\u00e9dons \u00e0 des r\u00e9glages pr\u00e9cis \u00e0 l'aide de boussoles \u00e9lectroniques.<\/p>\n\n\n

\nV. Soutien th\u00e9orique et base acad\u00e9mique<\/strong><\/strong>\n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La relation entre la directivit\u00e9 (D) et le gain (G) d'une antenne peut \u00eatre exprim\u00e9e comme suit :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G = \u03b7<\/strong>* D<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

o\u00f9 \u03b7<\/strong> est l'efficacit\u00e9 de l'antenne, et D<\/strong> est la directivit\u00e9 [3]. Les antennes directionnelles augmentent la force du signal re\u00e7u dans une direction sp\u00e9cifique en augmentant D, concentrant ainsi l'\u00e9nergie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans la localisation des interf\u00e9rences, le rapport avant-arri\u00e8re (FBR) est un indicateur cl\u00e9 de la performance directionnelle, d\u00e9fini comme suit :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FBR = 10 <\/strong>* <\/strong>journal<\/strong>10<\/sub><\/strong><\/sub><\/strong> * ( P<\/strong>avant<\/sub><\/strong><\/sub><\/strong> \/ P<\/strong>retour<\/sub><\/strong><\/sub><\/strong> )<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

o\u00f9 P<\/strong>avant<\/sub><\/strong><\/sub><\/strong> est la puissance dans la direction du lobe principal, et P<\/strong>retour<\/sub><\/strong><\/sub><\/strong> est la puissance dans la direction du lobe arri\u00e8re [4]. La s\u00e9rie TM9265 atteint un FBR sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 10dB, ce qui garantit la pr\u00e9cision de la localisation.<\/p>\n\n\n

\nVI. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 et recommandations de s\u00e9lection<\/strong><\/strong>\n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Antennes omnidirectionnelles : Convient aux enqu\u00eates sur le spectre, \u00e0 la couverture des champs et \u00e0 la surveillance de routine. Sc\u00e9nario repr\u00e9sentatif : balayage initial avec l'analyseur de spectre portable TFN RMT<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   Antennes directionnelles : Convient \u00e0 la localisation des sources d'interf\u00e9rence, \u00e0 l'analyse des stations de base et au suivi des signaux. Sc\u00e9nario repr\u00e9sentatif : Le TM9265 utilis\u00e9 avec le RMT pour l'analyse des faisceaux 5G NR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

   Antennes micro-ondes : Convient aux essais sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s \u00e0 haute fr\u00e9quence, tels que les communications par satellite et la recherche d'interf\u00e9rences en ondes millim\u00e9triques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si vous souhaitez en savoir plus sur la diff\u00e9rence entre les antennes et les Antenne directionnelle TFN TM9265<\/a>, Vous pouvez contacter l'\u00e9quipe d'assistance du TFN :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  Courriel : info@tfngj.com<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  WhatsApp : +86-18765219251<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u00a0Ou vous pouvez laisser des messages ici<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\nR\u00e9f\u00e9rences :<\/strong><\/strong>\n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

[1] Balanis, C. A. Antenna Theory : Analysis and Design. 4e \u00e9dition, Wiley, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Kraus, J. D., & Marhefka, R. J. Antennas for All Applications. 3e \u00e9dition, McGraw-Hill, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas (D\u00e9finitions des termes pour les antennes). IEEE Std 145-2013, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] Stutzman, W. L., & Thiele, G. A. Antenna Theory and Design. 3e \u00e9dition, Wiley, 2012.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As a communications engineer who spends countless days in the field holding a spectrum analyzer, my feelings towards the word “antenna” are quite complex. It serves as our tactile sensor to perceive the wireless world, yet it is often the most troublesome variable in interference hunting. The correct choice of antenna directly determines whether you […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5126,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5998","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tfn-blog"],"yoast_head":"\nAnalysis of Antenna Classification: From Omnidirectional to Microwave Antennas - Communication Test Expert<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tfngj.com\/fr\/analysis-of-antenna-classification-from-omnidirectional-to-microwave-antennas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Analysis of Antenna Classification: From Omnidirectional to Microwave Antennas - Communication Test Expert\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"As a communications engineer who spends countless days in the field holding a spectrum analyzer, my feelings towards the word “antenna” are quite complex. It serves as our tactile sensor to perceive the wireless world, yet it is often the most troublesome variable in interference hunting. The correct choice of antenna directly determines whether you […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.tfngj.com\/fr\/analysis-of-antenna-classification-from-omnidirectional-to-microwave-antennas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Communication Test Expert\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-03-06T09:37:35+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-06T09:37:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.tfngj.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/pexels-mati-17205903.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"853\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.tfngj.com\/analysis-of-antenna-classification-from-omnidirectional-to-microwave-antennas\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.tfngj.com\/analysis-of-antenna-classification-from-omnidirectional-to-microwave-antennas\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.tfngj.com\/#\/schema\/person\/985f00c1219ceea14a6db990da997b5d\"},\"headline\":\"Analysis of Antenna Classification: From Omnidirectional to Microwave Antennas\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-03-06T09:37:35+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-06T09:37:37+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.tfngj.com\/analysis-of-antenna-classification-from-omnidirectional-to-microwave-antennas\/\"},\"wordCount\":1043,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.tfngj.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.tfngj.com\/analysis-of-antenna-classification-from-omnidirectional-to-microwave-antennas\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.tfngj.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/pexels-mati-17205903.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Blogs\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.tfngj.com\/analysis-of-antenna-classification-from-omnidirectional-to-microwave-antennas\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.tfngj.com\/analysis-of-antenna-classification-from-omnidirectional-to-microwave-antennas\/\",\"name\":\"Analysis of Antenna Classification: From Omnidirectional to Microwave Antennas - 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